In 2013, Indian men could expect to live to 64.2 years, 6.9 years longer than in 1990, according to the Global Burden of Disease study, an initiative led by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington.
Indian women could expect to live to 68.5 years, 10.3 years longer than in 1990.
Increased longevity is great news. But it would be better if "healthy life expectancy"--a health measure that calculates how many years a person might live in good health--had risen as much for both men and women.
Men gained 6.4 years in healthy life expectancy while women gained 8.9 years.
A gap between the increase in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy indicates that people will lose some years of their life to disease or injury.
Closing this gap entails dispelling the popular notion that ageing means ill health, among other things, because the fastest-growing cause for disability-adjusted life years, lost healthy years for Indians are non-communicable diseases, chronic conditions that the general population associates with ageing, but should not be.
Consider the following:
- About a third of over 6,000 participants of India Heart Watch, a cross-city India cardiovascular study were found to have hypertension, but only 57% knew of their condition.
- Barely 48% of participants of a 2014 study in Coimbatore were aware of cardiovascular risk factors.
- As many as 21% of 12,608 participants of a 2014 pan-India study were found to have hypertension but only 4.76% of those knew of their condition.
- A 2013 survey of cancer awareness in Punjab, based on the reporting of symptoms for early detection, revealed that just 28% of those suffering from questionable symptoms had a confirmed cancer diagnosis.
- In Kerala, 86% respondents of a 2011 study had heard of oral cancer but only 62% could pin-point the correct cause.
- A 2014 study showed less than half of the general population had heard about diabetes but only about half of those were aware that diabetes is preventable and that it can affect other organs.
- 2% of adult Indians are aware that smoking causes serious disease, as per GATS India. Just what that disease is, however, isn’t as clear. 85% believe smoking can cause lung cancer, 64% believe it can precipitate a heart attack while only 49% associate smoking with stroke.
Despite exposure to health information, urban India is mostly ignorant
Affluent, educated and well-informed urban Indians should be healthier. They can afford healthy diets and are empowered to make the right choices, or so you would think.
Instead, experts said towns and cities across India are seeing a steady rise in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases because of a lack of awareness.
“People have heard about non-communicable diseases,” said Kenneth E Thorpe, chairman of the Partnership to Fight Chronic Diseases, a catalyst to bring together stakeholders to develop a national blueprint. “But hearing about something doesn’t constitute sufficient awareness to live healthy.”
Instead, people ignore information and do nothing when they hear too much, said David Katz, Yale University researcher and authority on nutrition, weight management and the prevention of chronic disease. Contradictory messages—one day, you hear, coffee is good for you, the next day it’s bad—especially cause people to switch off.
Preventative health messages should be simple and consistent, such as: Eat five servings of fruits and vegetables daily. Exercise 30 minutes a day, five days a week. Cut down on sugar and salt. Avoid processed foods. Quit smoking. Limit yourself to a drink a day.
To become serious about health, people must be clear about the burden of non-communicable diseases, the importance of early diagnosis and preventive steps, explained Thorpe.
Only then will people undergo regular health checks, vital because chronic diseases stay asymptomatic for many years or present very minor symptoms that are neglected or taken for signs of ageing.
India is far from this level of awareness.
| Awareness of diabetes | |
|---|---|
| A 2014 study with population size 14,274 from 188 urban and 175 rural areas, including 480 self-reported diabetics | Percent (%) |
| Overall awareness among the study population | 43.2 |
| Awareness among rural people | 58.4 |
| Awareness among urban people | 36.8 |
| Awareness among males | 46.7 |
| Awareness among females | 39.6 |
| Awareness that diabetes can be prevented (general population) | 56.3 |
| Awareness that diabetes can be prevented (diabetic population) | 63.4 |
| Awareness that diabetes can affect other organs (general population) | 51.5 |
| Awareness that diabetes can affect other organs (diabetic population) | 72.7 |
Source: National Institutes Of Health
| Awareness of cardiovascular disease | |
|---|---|
| 1. In 2012, Indian Heart Watch surveyed 6,400 men and women from 11 cities | Percent (%) |
| Participants found to have hypertension | 32 |
| Participants aware of their own hypertension | 57 |
| 2. A 2014 pan India study of 12,608 subjects | |
| Prevalence of hypertension | 21 |
| Awareness of own hypertension | 5 |
| 3. Results of a 2014 Coimbare based study of 50 people | |
| Awareness of risk factors of cardiovascular disease | 48 |
| Awarenes of older age being a greater risk factor | 90 |
| Awareness of family history of heart disease being a risk factor | 68 |
| Awareness of diabetes as co-morbidity factor | 80 |
| Awareness that male diabetic patients are at higher risk | 66 |
Sources: National Institutes Of Health (table 1), British Medical Journal (table 2), Indian Journal Of Pharmacy Practice (table 3)
| Awareness of cancer | |
|---|---|
| 1. A 2013 survey in Punjab | No. |
| Number of people with questionable symptoms | 84453 |
| Number of people with confirmed cancer diagnosis | 23874 |
| 2. A 2011 study in Thiruvankulam, Kerala of 1885 people | Percent (%) |
| Awareness of oral cancer | 86 |
| Assuming oral cancer is associated with poor oral health | 41 |
| Aware of the correct cause of oral cancer | 62 |
| Belief that oral cancer is contagious | 24 |
| Belief that oral cancer cannot be treated | 42 |
| Awareness that smoking can cause oral cancer | 77 |
| Awareness that alcohol can cause oral cancer | 64 |
| Awareness than chewing pan can cause oral cancer | 79 |
Sources: Dept. of Health & Family Welfare (table 1), Shodh Ganga (table 2)
| Awareness of respiratory diseases | |
|---|---|
| Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) 2009-10 | Percent (%) |
| Aware that smoking causes serious disease | 90.2 |
| Aware that smoking causes serious disease among adults with secondary and above education | 96 |
| Aware that smoking causes serious disease among adults with no formal education | 80 |
| Aware that smoking causes stroke | 49.4 |
| Aware that smoking causes heart attack | 63.9 |
| Aware that smoking causes lung cancer | 84.9 |
| Aware that second-hand smoke can cause serious disease in non-smokers | 82.9 |
Source: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
The biggest misconception of all: Ageing = Poor health
Lack of awareness about non communicable diseases and their risk factors is just the tip of the iceberg. India will only get the better of non communicable diseases when people stop thinking of chronic disease as a natural ageing process.
As far back as two decades ago, William Costelli head of the Framingham Heart Study, a long-term study of the prevalence of heart disease in the town of Framingham, USA, said: “Poor health is not something caused by age. It’s caused by long exposures to things that cause these disease processes.”
Mistakenly accepting heart conditions, diabetes, hypertension and other non- communicable diseases as a part of life has significantly increased their burden in India, from accounting for 31% of lost years in 1990 to 52% of lost years in 2013.
Three leading non-communicable diseases alone: ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cerebro-vascular disease almost doubled the burden they present, as an IndiaSpend investigation into India's epidemiological transition had detailed.
| Top 10 causes of total disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in India - both sexes - 1990 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rank | Cause | Number of DALYs |
| 1 | Lower respiratory infections | 58,575,091 |
| 2 | Diarrheal diseases | 45,823,554 |
| 3 | Neonatal preterm birth | 43,528,317 |
| 4 | Tuberculosis | 32,316,152 |
| 5 | Neonatal encephalopathy | 27,042,318 |
| 6 | Ischemic heart disease | 20,826,128 |
| 7 | Other neonatal disorders | 20,622,132 |
| 8 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 15,835,167 |
| 9 | Iron-deficiency anemia | 15,224,610 |
| 10 | Tetanus | 11,310,697 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 10,330,888 | |
| All non communicable diseases | 178,246,814 | |
| Total | 571,397,207 | |
| Top 10 causes of total DALYs in India - both sexes - 2013 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rank | Cause | Number of DALYs |
| 1 | Ischemic heart disease | 36,913,309 |
| 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 20,883,884 |
| 3 | Lower respiratory infections | 20,478,343 |
| 4 | Tuberculosis | 20,452,255 |
| 5 | Neonatal preterm birth | 19,438,644 |
| 6 | Neonatal encephalopathy | 19,079,665 |
| 7 | Diarrheal diseases | 18,068,505 |
| 8 | Cerebrovascular disease | 15,403,888 |
| 9 | Road injuries | 13,542,985 |
| 10 | Low back & neck pain | 13,271,541 |
| All non communicable diseases | 256,485,586 | |
| Total | 494,698,971 | |
“Age is an important predisposing factor for some chronic diseases. But not everyone develops diabetes or cancer. While you cannot stop ageing, living a healthy life style is in your hands,” Damodar Bachani, director professor at Lady Hardinge Medical College, and deputy commissioner (Non Communicable Diseases), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, told IndiaSpend.
Some people who’ve already developed one of these conditions assume it’s a life-long condition.
“Not true,” said Thorpe.
Non communicable diseases cannot be treated casually because of genetic inheritance, there’s no need to ‘learn to live with it’, he said.
Accepting to live with non-communicable diseases, instead of changing one’s lifestyle to eliminate or mitigate the condition, increases the odds of dying prematurely of it.
An Indians chances of dying prematurely (before turning 70) of a non-communicable disease is already one in four, according to the World Health Organisation.
That includes Indians across the country.
Rural India suffers for not knowing and not affording
If affluent, educated India is battling an information overload, the country’s poor face a mounting burden of non-communicable diseases, driven by ignorance.
People once believed that non-communicable diseases were mainly caused by certain lifestyle risk factors: urbanisation, ageing and wealth.
This understanding, in turn, led to the belief that rural and poor populations do not suffer from non-communicable diseases, as they lead different lifestyles, explained Nobhojit Roy, professor, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Hospital, Mumbai, and a co-author of the Global Burden of Disease study.
Drawing on other studies of rural and poor populations, Global Burden of Disease proves something healthcare providers in low- and middle-income countries have long known: Non-communicable diseases are becoming more prevalent, irrespective of socio-demographic status, a composite measure of per capita income, education, population age and fertility rates.
“Factors including income and education have an important impact on health but don’t tell the full story,” said Christopher Murray, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation director and the global study leader.
In India, for instance, a new study has found stroke to be the leading cause of death in rural Gadchiroli, responsible for one in seven deaths in that region.
“This is significant because stroke is considered the first non communicable disease to strike when disease transition begins, and hypertension, tobacco and alcohol use, and diabetes are the risk factors,” Yogeshwar Kalkonde of the Rural Stroke Research and Action Laboratory, Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health, Gadchiroli told IndiaSpend.
If rural Gadchiroli, one of the country’s most backward regions, is seeing the first step of disease transition, other districts can at least be expected to be at par in the process, if not ahead.
In poor populations, non communicable diseases are linked to malnutrition, household air pollution, and unsafe transportation, rather than only as a result of behavioural risk factors, said Roy. Whatever the cause, it isn’t known to poor people.
“Poor people living in areas with limited medical facilities are victims of forced unawareness,” said Thorpe.
When grassroots health providers are unaware, how can communities-at-large be expected to know?
It remains to be seen if training primary health workers in rudimentary screening techniques for three common cancers: oral, cervix and breast, and equipping them to screen people over 30 and pregnant women for diabetes and hypertension will help increase rural Indians’ lease of life. Such training is underway in about half the country so far. But a healthcare delivery system for non-communicable diseases is still missing in rural India.
“In rural India even if we detect hypertension early in a poor person, most will not believe there’s something wrong with them when they feel practically fine," said Kalkonde. "Only by increasing awareness about hypertension and making medicines for it affordable and accessible will its disease burden lessen."
(Bahri is a freelance writer and editor based in Mount Abu, Rajasthan)
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