India’s most progressive state on social development indicators also suffers the worst consumer expenditure inequity anywhere in the country. Feted across the world for achieving developed world levels of social development, the southern state of Kerala has one of the highest monthly per capita consumer expenditure in India, both in rural and urban areas. However, little has been said about how deeply inequitable the per capita consumer expenditure is across Kerala. A recent
National Sample Survey Organisation report shows monthly per capita consumer expenditure of the top five per cent population in rural Kerala was 14.7 times that of the bottom five per cent. The monthly per capita consumption expenditure of the bottom five per cent in rural areas was Rs 832, and the corresponding number for the top five per cent was Rs 12,224. The difference was wider in urban Kerala – monthly per capita consumer expenditure of the top five per cent at Rs 17,356 was 20.1 times that of the bottom five per cent (Rs 862). The survey covered 17 large states that had a population of 20 million or more according to Census 2001. The states are: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. In comparison, the consumer expenditure inequity at the all-India level is a lot less stark – consumption expenditure of the top five per cent households in rural areas was 8.6 times that of the bottom five per cent and in urban areas, 14.7 times. Kerala received
over $11 billion in foreign remittances from overseas workers in 2012 and that perhaps has led to this glaring disparity. For that matter, households in Kerala can be divided into two halves, those dependent on overseas remittances, mainly from West Asia, and those earning incomes domestically. Among the bigger states, consumer expenditure inequity was the least in Bihar. In rural Bihar, the richest five per cent consumed 4.6 times more than the poorest five per cent. In urban Bihar, it was 7.8 times more.
Full View Full View Wide variation can be seen in the average per capita consumer expenditure from state to state, both in rural and urban areas. That’s partly due to the composition of the basket of items consumed and prices of goods and services in each state. For instance, consumption of cereals is lower in richer states than in the poorer ones. Richer consumers tend to switch cereals representing carbohydrates with proteins such as milk and dairy products, pulses and poultry products.
Full View Full View Inequality in consumption expenditure cannot be removed, and it persists across the world including high income nations. However, rapid, sustained and inclusive growth can ensure better income for the lowest rung of the consumers, which will help them access nutritious food, invest in basic comforts and spend more on education and health. The example again is Kerala: consumer expenditure of the poorest in rural Kerala (Rs 832) is about 60% more than that of the poorest in Bihar (Rs 525) and almost double that of the poorest in rural Chhattisgarh (Rs 426). The poor in Kerala can afford to spend more because they earn more – the minimum wages in Kerala is among the highest across the country. (The writer is a New Delhi based journalist)