India is the fifth largest military spender (2016) in the world and the largest importer of arms, accounting for 13% of the world’s total imports between 2012 and 2016, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, a think tank.

However, over three years to 2017-18, there was a 9% decline in budget allocation for capital investments against requirements, or “projections” in officialese, a factor that could delay procurement and modernisation of the armed forces, according to a report by the Parliamentary Standing Committee On Defence 2017-18, an advisory body to the defence ministry, presented to the Lok Sabha (lower house of Parliament) on December 19, 2017.

The air force capital budget was 46% lower than its requirements, the army’s was 41% and the navy’s 32%, the report said.

The budget for defence expenditure--including revenue (salaries, transportation costs, stores), capital investments (equipment, ammunition), pensions and miscellaneous--in 2017-18 was Rs 359,854 crore, up 56% from Rs 230,642 crore in 2012-13.

Defence allocation accounted for 17% of the central government budget (Rs 21.46 lakh crore) in 2017-18.

Source: Union Budget; Figures in Rs crore, *Budget estimate, **Revised estimate

Revenue expenditure accounted for 48% of defence budgetary allocation in 2017-18, up from 44% in 2015-16.

Pensions and capital outlay accounted for 24% each of allocations, as against 20% and 24% in 2015-16, respectively.

More than 75% of budget allocation (Rs 356,854 crore) and 80% allocation under the capital head (Rs 86,488 crore) in 2017-18 has been spent till December 2017, defence minister Nirmala Sitharaman told the Rajya Sabha (upper house of parliament) in her reply on January 1, 2018.

Lower allocation for capital expenditure can delay procurement and projects

In 2017-18, the government, in its budget estimates, allocated Rs 86,529 crore for capital expenditure against the defence ministry projection of Rs 146,156 crore, according to the Parliamentary Standing Committee On Defence 2017-18 report submitted in December 2017.

The budget allocation for capital acquisition has declined for all three services--army, navy and air force--since 2015-16, the committee observed in its report.

The budgetary cut against the projection will hamper the pending procurement projects, which will not get cleared unless the Centre increases allocation at the revised estimate (RE) stage, the committee said.

It has suggested the government match allocations with demands, preferably at the revised estimate stage, so that services can meet the requirements of operational readiness.

Defence Budget Allocations Under Capital Outlay, 2012-17
Year Budget Estimate Projected Budget Estimate Allocated Revised Estimates Final Grant Actual Expenditure
2012-13 1,01,935 79,579 69,579 69,579 70,499
2013-14 1,34,070 86,741 78,872 78,872 79,125
2014-15 1,45,091 94,588 81,965 81,965 81,887
2015-16 1,17,955 94,588 81,400 79,483 79,958
2016-17 1,21,930 86,340 79,370 81,747 86,367
2017-18 1,46,114 86,488

Source: Lok Sabha Figures in Rs crore

“Funds allocated (each year) under the budget estimate have been reduced at the revised estimate stage by the ministry of finance, broadly on the pretext of trend of expenditure at that point of time,” the defence ministry said in its response to questions by the Parliamentary committee.

“Though there has been underutilisation of capital budget with regards to budget estimate (except in 2016-17), there has been either excess expenditure or more than 99% utilisation when compared to final grant.”

The capital component of the budget allocation has declined in comparison to the revenue component since 2012-13, the committee highlighted in its report. This can “adversely affect” the modernisation process of the forces, it said.

The committee has recommended that the defence ministry should rework their planning and budget system to ensure fair distribution of funds to revenue and capital heads.

Why budgetary allocations to capital expenditure matter

The security situation along the border has deteriorated with increase in ceasefire violations by Pakistan. As many as 860 instances of ceasefire violations were reported in 2017, more than double over the last two years, Mint reported on January 23, 2018. The first 21 days of 2018 reported 124 instances of ceasefire violations.

Deaths due to terrorist violence increased 30% in Jammu & Kashmir--from 267 in 2016 to 347 in 2017 (up to December 17), IndiaSpend reported on December 27, 2017.

Border skirmishes were also reported between India and China in 2017 on the Doklam issue: Indian soldiers objected to China’s attempts at building a motorable road at the India-China-Bhutan tri-junction near Sikkim.

The road, if built, could give China a strategic military advantage over India, altering the status quo.

India has to be prepared for a two-front conflict along its northern and western fronts due to China’s muscle flexing and Pakistan's proxy war, army chief Bipin Rawat was quoted as saying in this Economic Times report on September 6, 2017.

Can Budget 2018 address challenges?

The government identified 73 strategically important roads along the India-China border, according to this report released by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India, the auditor of the government, in March 2017.

Of these 73 roads, execution of 61 roads, with estimated cost of Rs 4,644 crore, was assigned to Border Roads Organisation with a deadline of 2012.

“Only 22 roads were completed till March 2016, which incurred expenditure worth Rs 4,536 crore or 98% of the estimated cost,” the CAG report said.

Of the 24 roads selected for audit, only six roads, costing Rs 164 crore, were completed up to March 2016. “Even these were not fit for running specialised vehicles/equipment due to limitations in execution of works”, the CAG report said.

The major worry for the army during war would be shortage of ammunition. The army faces 40% shortage of ammunition--61 of 152 types of ammunition was in critical level--to fight a 10-day long war, according to this CAG report, The Indian Express reported on July 22, 2017.

“With the present force levels and combat capabilities, they cannot fight and win,” Gurmeet Kanwal, former army Brigadier and a fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), a think tank in New Delhi, wrote in Deccan Herald on January 19, 2018.

“That implies that they cannot hope to terminate the conflict on India's terms and impose the nation's will upon the adversaries.”

The armed forces will be stretched to the limit but, given adequate resources, they could fight a holding action successfully, though with large-scale casualties, Kanwal wrote.

This is the seventh of our eight state-of-the-nation reports ahead of Budget 2018. You can read our report on renewable energy here, on agriculture here, on urban development here, on rural jobs here, on healthcare here, on education here and on sanitation here.

(Mallapur is an analyst with IndiaSpend.)

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Chaitanya Mallapur

    Chaitanya has a masters degree in politics from the University of Mumbai and a bachelor's degree in computer science. His areas of interest are foreign policy and security studies. He has also worked with ET NOW, a business news channel, as an assistant producer in the digital team.