Why Locals Are Resisting Small Hydro Projects In Darjeeling

Chhota Rangit is a stream that originates from Manebhanjan, a town bordering Nepal in West Bengal’s northernmost region, and flows through several towns and villages in Darjeeling district before merging with the Rangit river in Sikkim’s Jorethang. Rangit eventually meets the Teesta.

Subba, a renowned Nepali poet and a resident of Bijanbari, is worried about the river’s future. Near a town called Pulbazar, a few kilometres from Bijanbari, Chhota Rangit is met by another river, Balawas. Here, the West Bengal government has proposed two hydro-electric projects–a 12 megawatt (MW) project on Chhota Rangit and a 6 MW one on Balawas. Locals in Bijanbari and Pullbazar fear the projects will endanger their way of life.

Locals Are Opposing Two Small Hydro Projects in Darjeeling

“The river will stop flowing through Bijanbari and Pullbazar as the government plans to alter its course for the hydro project,” Subba, 70, said. “It is the main source of livelihood here. From tourism to agriculture to dredging and stone quarrying, every family in the region is dependent on it.”

To collectively resist the project, residents of Bijanbari, Pullbazar, and other towns and villages that would likely be affected, have formed the ‘Save Chhota Rangit Campaigning Committee’ which has 350 active members. Subba, a Sahitya Akademi Award winner, is the president.

Even though a detailed project report (DPR) is yet to be released by the West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Corporation Limited (WBSEDCL), the state agency in charge of the project, locals allege the flow of the river would be stopped ahead of Bijanbari, causing severe ecological damages.

“We believe Chhota Rangit’s water would be diverted ahead of Bijanbari and taken to a reservoir and powerhouse that would be built near Pullbazar via underground channels,” said Poonam Darnal of Bijanbari, secretary of the campaigning committee.

“This will not only lead to drying up of the river here and beyond, but will also increase the phenomenon of flooding. During the monsoon season, water level increases and the flow is also heavy. As a result, water will be released from the project which will cause flood.”

The local resistance to these projects, and environmental concerns are mirrored in several hydropower projects ongoing or planned--not just in Darjeeling district but also in all other states in the northeast, our reporting found.

The West Bengal government’s decision to resume the Chhota Rangit and Balawas projects are part of a larger push for hydropower projects in the northeast. This is the first part of a two-part series. The first story is on the Chhota Rangit hydel project, while the second part out on September 16, details proposed small hydropower projects in West Bengal and northeastern states, and why many are being opposed by locals.

History of Chhota Rangit hydel project

Residents of Bijanbari and Pullbazar said they had first heard about the hydel projects in 2015. They had protested back then, and stopped the state government from going ahead with the construction of a powerhouse for the project in Chhota Rangit river.

“Even then, a committee was formed to protect the river. All of us collectively resisted the project which led to the government suspending it. For years there was no word about it,” said Darnal.

The powerhouse construction site in Bijanbari where work stopped after local opposition in 2015.

Things got serious in January 2023 when WBSEDCL officially took the initial steps towards resuming construction of the hydro projects. On January 20, the company invited tenders for construction of notches and for the installation of gauges for recording the discharge of Balawas and Chhota Rangit’s water.

Around the same time, WBSEDCL attempted to do some work on the ground, twice in January and once in February, said Darnal. These attempts were thwarted by members of the Save Chhota Rangit Campaigning Committee.

A delegation from the committee met local WBSEDCL officials and stated their objections to the project and demanded that it be moved elsewhere, the committee said. The committee also expressed its concerns to the Darjeeling district magistrate and to Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA) and state government officials.

There has not been any activity by the authorities since they were stopped from working in February. Meanwhile, the Save Chhota Rangit Campaigning Committee also wrote to the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), stating its apprehensions and requesting that the project be stopped.

The letter sent to the environment ministry by the Save Chhota Rangit Campaigning Committee.

IndiaSpend visited WBSEDCL’s office in Darjeeling, where the station manager directed us to another official in Kurseong division who suggested that we should talk to the company’s HR & Administration Manager in Siliguri.

The HR, on the direction of the Chief Engineer (Hydel), asked IndiaSpend to get in touch with WBSEDCL’s Planning, Investigation & Design Department (PIDD) which had invited the tenders for construction of notches and for the gauge installation. Mrinal Kanti Das, Chief Engineer (PIDD) refused to comment and asked us to send an email.

A mail with a set of questions about the project’s current status and about WBSEDCL’s response to the issues raised by locals in Bijanbari and Pullbazar, including their demand for a public hearing, was sent to his office, as well as to the office of WBSEDCL’s Director General. This story will be updated when we receive a response.

Small hydro projects and their privilege in India

Save Chhota Rangit Campaigning Committee president Subba said that in its last meeting with WBSEDCL, district administration and GTA officials, the committee requested for a public meeting.

“We said that since the government has decided to come up with a hydro project on our land, it must hold a meeting to inform and listen to residents of the land,” he said. “The officials gave their word that there would be a public meeting, but it is yet to take place.”

It is unlikely that the meeting will never take place. The Government of India has placed small hydel projects in the ‘White Category’ industrial sector which is “practically non-polluting”. They are looked after by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and are exempted from the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification of 2006 and as a result, do not require a legally binding environmental clearance.

Poonam Darnal (second from left) and Manprasad Subba (third from left) along with other members of the Save Chhota Rangit Campaigning Committee in Bijanbari.

IndiaSpend reached out to the Secretary and Joint Secretary of the MNRE via email for a comment on concerns raised by locals in Darjeeling's Bijanbari about the proposed small hydro projects there. The secretary’s office directed us to A.K. Tripathi, adviser to the MNRE. While his office telephone remains out of service, we have emailed a questionnaire to him asking for MNRE’s reaction to local people’s concern in Bijanbari. This story will be updated when we hear back from the ministry.

This exemption from EIA notification implies that the WBSEDCL and state government authorities are not obliged to conduct a public hearing or take into account the suggestions and demands made by locals in Bijanbari and Pulbazar about the proposed 12 MW Chhota Rangit and 6 MW Balawas hydel projects.

Local livelihoods in danger

“I collect sand, stones and pebbles from the river bed and sell them in the local market,” said Dilip Chhetri of Pulbazar. “I earn about Rs 1,500-2,000 a week. My family depends on this work that I do. In case the river stops flowing here due to the Chhota Rangit hydel project, we will lose our livelihood.”

Dilip Chhetri working in Chhota Rangit river. He says his family depends on this work, and if the hydel project impacts the river's flow, he will lose his livelihood.

Bijanbari’s Surya Mukhia is dependent on dredging and stone quarrying. “The company [WBSEDCL] didn’t even bother to inform us of anything. I heard about the project when the local [Save Chhota Rangit Campaigning] committee told us,” he said.

“Most of us here are not employed in regular jobs. We somehow manage by collecting stones and sand from the river, and with some work in local hotels and homestays,” Mukhia continued. “But they won’t run for long if the project starts because without the river, tourists would also stop coming here.”

According to Soumitra Ghosh, an environmental activist in North Bengal, not only will the livelihoods of those dependent on dredging, stone quarrying and tourism be affected, but people who rely on agriculture would also suffer if the natural flow of Chhota Rangit is disrupted.

“This river keeps the groundwater level suitable for agriculture and also influences water springs around itself in the mountains of Bijanbari and Pullbazar,” Ghosh points out. “Due to the hydel project, the groundwater level will fall and several springs would be lost, resulting in a drinking water crisis as well.”

Being a stream in the mountains, Chhota Rangit doesn’t have a heavy flow like major rivers. Between October and May, it almost dries up and goes underground at several locations. It is only during the monsoon that Chhota Rangit flows with all its might.

“A minimum water flow is needed for small streams in the mountains to survive. If water is taken out of Chhota Rangit for the hydel project during the dry season, its minimum flow would be disturbed, leading it to an existential crisis,” Ghosh explained.

The Chhota Rangit river.

Farmers in the region, and everyone associated with agriculture including tea cultivation, are in a state of heightened anxiety.

“I don’t know anything except for farming,” said 42-year-old Dilkumari Chhetri in Pulbazar. “My husband is also a farm worker. But since he is a man, he may go away from here to seek work. If agriculture stops, our earnings will be reduced by half.” She and her husband have eight mouths to feed, including their school-going children and octogenarian parents.

Dilkumari Chhetri on her farm on the bank of Chhota Rangit in Pulbazar.

In the region, agriculture is not solely a means of financial gain. Farm labourers till lands owned by others, cultivating crops and sharing half of the produce with the landowners.

“We keep what’s needed for our family and sell the rest in the market,” said Buddha Rai, a farm worker in Pulbazar who was checking on his maize crops with Dilkumari Chhetri on the bank of Chhota Rangit when IndiaSpend visited the region in late June.

“Even though farm lands are owned by a few, the number of workers is well above 100. Then there are vendors in local markets and transporters who take our produce outside, including Darjeeling,” Rai said. “So, you can imagine how many people will be affected if farming suffers.”

One of the other major concerns flagged by locals in West Bengal’s Bijanbari and Pulbazar about the proposed small hydro projects is their impact on and eventual stopping of the northward flow of the Chhota Rangit river, which occupies a place of reverence in Hindu tradition.

To protect the livelihoods of locals in Bijanbari and Pullbazar and to ensure that sentiments of Hindu residents are not hurt, the Save Chhota Rangit Campaigning Committee unanimously demanded that the proposed hydel project be stopped completely or moved elsewhere.

“We are aware authorities may try several means to break our movement and manipulate locals into accepting the hydel projects,” committee president Subba said. “We will restrict every untoward method used by them. Our only demand is either stop the project or take it somewhere else where our river won’t be harmed.”

This attitude sets up a direct clash with WBSEDCL, the Government of West Bengal company in charge of the Chhota Rangit hydel project. “We choose a location for such projects where it would be the most convenient. Our intention is to serve the society and develop the country in the best manner possible,” a senior WBSEDCL official said on condition of anonymity.

“The decision is not taken by the company alone as many think. Several surveys are conducted and the results are cleared by the appraisal body in the state and then approved by the central government before work in a hydel project is started. Right now, fears on the ground are unsubstantiated.”

He did not comment on whether the company considered local people’s suggestion to change the location of the Chhota Rangit and Balawas hydel projects.

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